# Linux系统安装

## UEFI启动管理

```bash
# 修复启动引导，--efi-directory指定efi安装目录，--boot-directory指定efi分区目录
sudo grub-install /dev/sda --efi-directory=/mnt/boot/efi --boot-directory=/mnt/boot
# 查看启动项
efibootmgr
# 添加启动项：-c创建，-L名称，-d磁盘，-p分区号，-l有效的efi启动文件
efibootmgr -c -w -L "BootOptionName" -d /dev/sda -p 1 -l /EFI/Boot/bootx64.efi
# 删除启动项
efibootmgr -B -b 编号
# 禁用启动项
efibootmgr -A -b 编号
# 启用启动项
efibootmgr -a -b 编号
# 修改顺序编号x在y前
efibootmgr -o x,y
```

[用efibootmgr管理UEFI启动项，添加丢失的启动项](https://blog.csdn.net/Pipcie/article/details/79971337)\
[Ubuntu 16.04引导错误修复- EFI - Linux公社](http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2016-09/135486.htm)\
[在linux环境中利用efibootmgr管理efi启动项](https://kelvin.mbioq.com/using-efibootmgr-to-manage-efi-startup-items-in-an-linux-environment.html)

## UEFI引导修复

`ubuntu efi引导修复`,`ubuntu uefi安装指定位置`,`ubuntu 重新挂载uefi`

```bash
# --efi-directory 硬盘efi分区， --boot-directory 系统分区boot目录，--bootloader-id 启动名称
sudo grub-install /dev/sda --efi-directory '/media/wittyneko/C14D-581B'  --boot-directory '/media/wittyneko/deepin/boot' --bootloader-id=deepin
```

[Ubuntu 16.04引导错误修复 - EFI](https://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2016-09/135486.htm) [UEFI安装没有/boot/efi挂载点，导致无法启动](https://bbs.deepin.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread\&tid=31672) [UEFI启动模式安装ubuntu指南](https://www.cnblogs.com/iamnewsea/p/7701436.html) [\[持续更新\]\[MacBook Pro\] Deepin 15.7 遇到的几个问题和解决方法](https://bbs.deepin.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread\&tid=169677) [修复启动](http://wiki.deepin.org/wiki/修复启动)

## Windows的Linux子系统

[Windows10内置Linux子系统初体验](https://www.jianshu.com/p/bc38ed12da1d)\
[Windows10安装Linux子系统Ubuntu](https://blog.csdn.net/zhouzme/article/details/78780479)

## GRUB安装ubuntu

```
title Install Ubuntu
root (hd0,4)
kernel (hd0,4)/linux/ubuntu/vmlinuz.efi boot=casper iso-scan/filename=/linux/ubuntu/ubuntu-16.04-desktop-amd64.iso ro quiet splash
initrd (hd0,4)/linux/ubuntu/initrd.lz
boot
```

## GRUB安装deepin

```
title install  deepin-15
find --set-root /deepin.iso
kernel /vmlinuz  findiso=/deepin.iso  noprompt quiet splash  boot=live ro deepin-installer/locale=zh_CN.UTF-8 keyboard-configuration/layoutcode=us keyboard-configuration/variantcode= --  rootflags=sync auto-deepin-installer
initrd /initrd.lz
boot
```

GRUB2

```
if  search --file /bootiso/deepin-15-alpha2-amd64.iso; then
menuentry "install deepin-15-alpha2-amd64.iso" {
set isofile="/bootiso/deepin-15-alpha2-amd64.iso"
search --set  -f $isofile
loopback loop $isofile
linux (loop)/live/vmlinuz.efi  boot=live union=overlay username=user quiet  live-config noprompt noeject findiso=$isofile locales=zh_CN.UTF-8
initrd (loop)/live/initrd.lz
}
fi

----------

set root=(hd0,msdos6)  #按自己的情况改
set isofile="/deepin-15-alpha2-amd64.iso"
search --set  -f $isofile
loopback loop $isofile
linux (loop)/live/vmlinuz.efi  boot=live union=overlay username=user quiet  live-config findiso=$isofile locales=zh_CN.UTF-8
initrd (loop)/live/initrd.lz
boot
```

[其它linux发行版完美运行deepin上的wine软件包(ubuntu QQ也完美)](http://blog.csdn.net/xuelongqy/article/details/51258754)

## ubuntu更新grub2

[修改ubuntu下grub2系统启动项](http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-26438352-id-3418184.html)\
**Grub 2结构** Grub 2包含下面几个部分：\
/boot/grub/grub.cfg 文件\
/etc/grub.d/ 文件夹\
/etc/default/grub 文件\
sudo gedit /etc/default/grub\
sudo update-grub2

## 软件源修改

更改 `/etc/apt/sources.list` 文件； 命令`sudo sed -i 's/archive.ubuntu.com/mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/g' /etc/apt/sources.list`；

[配置生成器](https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/repogen/) [中国科学技术大学 Linux 用户协会](https://lug.ustc.edu.cn/wiki/start)

```bash
sudo apt upgrade
```

### Ubuntu

[Ubuntu镜像使用帮助](https://lug.ustc.edu.cn/wiki/mirrors/help/ubuntu) [http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn](http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/) <http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu>

### Deepin

<http://packages.deepin.com/deepin>

## 配置文件位置

用户文件

```
~/.profile
~/.bash_profile 或者 ~./bash_login
~/.bashrc
```

系统文件

```
/etc/environment
/etc/profile
/etc/bash.bashrc
```

`/etc/environment`不需要使用export设置环境变量，其它文件需要。 `source /etc/profile` 使配置文件立即生效

## 中文文件夹转英文

```
$ export LANG=en_US #改变支持的语言为英语
$ xdg-user-dirs-gtk-update #更新系统语言，按照中文对应的英语进行翻译3
$ export LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 #重新支持中文
```

[Ubuntu中文文件夹转英文](http://www.cnblogs.com/plokmju/p/Linux_ZhCNToEnUS.html)

## 查看系统信息

```bash
# 内核版本
uname -a
uname -r
cat /proc/version
# 版本类型
lsb_release -a
cat /etc/issue
# 系统位数
getconf LONG_BIT
file /bin/ls
# CPU型号
cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep name | cut -f2 -d: | uniq -c
# CPU颗数
cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep physical | uniq -c
```

## 修改DNS

`vim /etc/network/interfaces` `/etc/init.d/networking restart`

```
dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8
```

`vim /etc/resolv.conf`, `vim /etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/base`, `resolvconf -u`

```
nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4
```


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